During the Antebllum period in history, women became very determined to have their voices heard in society. Since women were human just like men, they expected to be treated just as equal as the men were who surrounded them. The women's reform movement of the Antebellum period was trying to increase the rights of women all throughout the country. They wanted the same rights as men, like being able to have a complete education and being able to vote.The main arguments that were addressed by females mostly pertained to their voting rights, eduction, and their role in society as a whole. As any other substantial reform, certain people stood out to have their voices heard for their gender. Some of these women includedMany important people helped this movement such as Elizabeth CadyStanton and Susan B.Anthony., and they helped bring about the first actual changes for women, even if small. While the movement wasn't entirely successful, it did set a foundation for the generations of women to come.an example for the women of future generations.
Basic Facts:
What: Movement for the reform of Women's Rights
When: 1820s-1860s (Antebellum eratimes)
Where: United States
Why: After hundreds of years living the life under superiority of male dominance, women decided to act. This motivation was inspired by previous participations in other movements and realizations through comparisons of slavery.
How: Women publisized the movement to the best of their ability. They held conventions, published essays containing feminist beliefs, etc.
Causes for this movement:
Women were always looked down upon throught history. Women always considered themselves to be more important to the world around them than what society gave them credit for. The strongest civilizations were often patriarchal. Because of this, women were usually second class citizens and were denied, as what we known now to be basic simple rights. When business moved out of the home and into factories, women became expected to tend to the house and to their children. This "Cult of Domesticity" angered many women because it gave them mainly the only right to their own home, something that should be their's to begin with.meant they never could to do anything of their own. Because reform movements in the United States were so widespread, women who were involved with prior reform movements gathered together to fight for a reform of their own: Women’s rights (for example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton who had worked mostly for the Abolitionist movement later started focusing on Women's rights). Many of the women were abolitionists and also unsurprisingly, Quakers. In Quakerism, women were treated with equality to men, which caused resentment and motivation to fight.
Goals of the Women's Rights Movement
"In its most comprehensive sense, the rubric 'women's rights' encompasses the conditions of women's entitlement to live to their fullest human potential, as human beings in equality....Women's rights, more than a quest for technical equality, are a struggle for liberation of women....Women's rights include the right of women to live free of battery and abuse in their homes; the right of women to live free from sexual explotation—rape, harrassment, pornography, and prostitution; the right of women not to have to bear children...Women's rights [also] include the right of women to marry or not, to choose their sexual partners, and to enjoy sexual autonomy based on choice, attraction, respect, and equality."
The passage above is from an article on Women's Rights in Compton's Encyclopedia written by Professor June Sochen of Northeastern Illinois University. This passage is an excellent example of the feminist philosophy as well as the rights and social acceptance feminists were determined to achieve. Notice how the passage calls for women having the right to live the unmarried life, not bearing children, or having the right to sexual freedom. These philosophies display complete rebellion against the "Cult of Domesticity" that was expected of women during the Antebellum times. This passage also encouraged women to have a voice of their own and speak out for their own body. It was THEIR right to concieve children, it was THEIR right to be married, and it was THEIR right to their sexual freedom.
Original feminist documents are also a good source to look at for feminist ideals and goals. For example, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions is a famous feminist speechdocument that focuses on women's rights in government and the public.(unlike the encyclopedia article above describing goals in changing social expectations). In the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, women demand equality to men in society intellectually and mentally equality in society, intelects, and mentality. The document also shows evidence inof women's desire for the right to be educated, to be published, and to vote. to vote, education, and publication. Women strongly advocated "immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States.". In other words, they wanted the exact same rights that they watched American men enjoy. Below is a link to the text of The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.
Another good place to search for feminist ideas and goals is one of the essays written by women in the many essays written by women during the Antebellum Period. Below is an essay called, "Young Women", written by college student, Frances M. Hazen. As a college senior, Frances M. Hazen published this essay or to the Oberlin Students' Monthly (her college litereray magazine) in 1859. Her essay contains clear and convincing arguments against male supremecey. Below is a link to the essay written by Frances M. Hazen.
The most popular strategy used during this movement was, to organize local conventions to discuss the problems in this era. At these conventions, women would draw up resolutions, make speeches, and organize petition campaigns. These campaigns were sometimes held only in order to show that women are part of "the people" and are capable of stimulating political action and shaping public opinion. Seneca Falls was the most well known and effective of all the conventions. Here, they drew up their own "constitution" called the Declaration of Sentiments, based off of the United States'sConstitution Declaration of Independence. Also, organizations were formed such as the Troy Female Seminary (founded in 1821 by Emma Willard), and the Hartford Female Seminary (founded in 1823 by Catharine Beecher). Still, some Feminists took different approaches advertising the movement. For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the "Woman's Bible" attacking male bias in the Bible and claiming that woman could not truly have rights unless the religion was abolished. Other feminists who participated in the Second Great Awakening and worked for woman's suffrage, had a different perspective than Stanton. Other women were abolitionists and believed in the suffrage of slaves and women. Although feminists each had their unique approach to woman's rights, they were all aiming for the same goals. Woman's rights activists created a critique of woman's position in society.
For additional information regarding the strategies of this movement in the antebellum period and other periods check out this site:
-National Woman Suffrage Association (worked to make women suffrage an amendement to Federal Constitution) -American Woman Suffrage Association (worked for women suffrage amends for each state constitution)
Successes/Failures:
(Picture above depicts a woman in bloomer)
Successes:
Although women did not nationally win their women's rights and or changes in society, theythe movement werewould be succesful to some extent. In Mississipi, Idaho, Wyoming Territory, Utah Territory, and the states of Colorado,Women would win the right to vote in (Wyoming in 1869, the Utah Territory in 1870, the states of Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896). Also, Massachusetts passed a law allowing women to own property seperate from their husbands in 1839. New York followed soon after, passing the same law in 1848.
Women also achieved a role in social status. For example, Elizabeth Blackwell became a famous physician and her sister-in-law, Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first-ordained minister in the United States. Emma Willard and Catharine Beecher advanced in their cause promoting women's education. Lecturer Lucy Stone (another sister-in-law) and abolitionist Angelina Grimke even became the first women to not change their last name after marriage.
Women also managed to change their tastes of fashion to contain elements of male dress. The "bloomer" was an oulfit containing a short skirt with full length pantalettes. Famous actress, Fanny Kemble named these fashion fads after its strong advocator, Amelia Bloomer. This success, however, did not last long because it caused enough controversy for feminists to abandon it to draw attention to more important issues. This success wasn't very significant becuase the controversy over it caused women to abandon the idea and pay closer attention to more important issues.
Failures:
The Women's Rights Movement of the Antebellum era was not entirely successful. Even though there was some success, the majority of the United States was not greatly affected by the movement. One of the main goals of the movement was to create equality between men and women. This was not accompished because men were still the dominant gender in society.
Another goal of the Women's Rights Movement was women's suffrage. Some states did give women the right to vote, however, it was not a national law. Little did these women know, there would not be a women's suffrage law until 1920.
Feminists:
Paulina Davis
Paulina Davis was born on August 7, 1813, Bloomfield, New York. She was a well known abolitionist, suffragist and as an educator she gave lectures in anatomy and physiology. In 1817, she Paulinaand her family moved to Niagra Falls until her parents died in 1820, when she was only seven years old. After that, she moved to LeRoy, New York to live with her aunt. There she was raised as an Orthodox Presbytarian and attended church regularly. She wanted to become a missionary but her church wouldn't allow it. Although she readily welcomed different religions, many of the church's ideals of women disagreed with her own. They did not approve of outspoken women and she grew unhappy there.
In 1833, after 5 monsths of courtship, Paulina married Francis Wright. For a time she and her husband became greatly involved in Bethel church until they left due to the church's pro-slavery stance. After that in 1842 they organized meetings and served on board for the Central New York Anti-Slavery Society. From there, Davis branched into the field of Women's Rights. Although her husband didn't like her publicly speaking, she continued to work along side other famous figures as Susan B. Anthony (below) and Elizabeth Cady Station.
In 1845 her husband died. Although this greatly saddened her, it left her with both the money and the freedom to persue her career as a lecturer. She moved to New York City and studied medicine, anatomoy and physiology.
She struggled with publishing for womens rights for several years. Eventually she published The History of the National Women's Rights Movemnent. She died in August 1876.
Antionette Blackwell was born in May 20, 1825 in Hentrietta, New York. Her nickname was Nettie. and She is well-known for her work as a reformer, minister, and author. By the time she was nine years old she had already spoken out publicly to proclaim her faith at the Congregational society and had been accepted as a member by the elders. She is most famous for being the first ordained female minister pastor. Blackwell had studied theology and was denied a preacher's licesne because she was a woman. However, she went on to be a pastor despite this denial. She is also well known though, for her books such as
Studies in General Science, The Sexes throughout Nature, The Philosophy of Individuality, and The Making of the Universe. Her speeches and lectures she had written in her years of Oberlin College as well as her speeches at abolitionist or women's rights conventions are often remembered and referenced to. She died in November 1921. Antoinette Blackwell is a perfect example of a feminist who hadthat worked for the cause women's rights her entire life. (New Picture) Antoinette Blackwell (1825-1921)
A belief of hers was that men and women should share the housework and women should be encouraged to be independent and work for themselves
Lucy Stone
She was an advocate for speaking against slavery and she was responsible for recruiting Susan B. Anthony and Julia Howe to the womens rights movement
Lucretia Mott
She was an advocate for the oppressed and she played a vital role in the convention in Seneca Falls
Sarah Grimke
She was one of the first to compare the restrictions on women and slaves. she tried to prove that women could affect the political events have influence on society
Fanny Kemble
Emma Hart Willard
She opened the doors of women's education by opening Middlebury Female Seminary
Catherine Beecher
She was against the social expectaions of women and extrolled the power of women by telling them to assume control over domestic affairs
Elizabeth Cady Staton
She helped organize the convention in Seneca Falls and she helped create the American Equal Rights Association
Susan B. Anthony
She traveled across the nation for the vote and she campaigned for women to have property earnings and labor organizations
Sojourner Truth
Dorothea Dix
Frances Willard
Events:
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was one of the first meetings for women's rights in the US. It was in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20, 1848 to July 20, 1848. It was run by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sunsan B. Anthony, top women's rights acitvists. The convention consisited of three hundred people, sixty being men. Its goal was to discuss women's rights and their progress. They produced the Decleration of Sentiments which followed the exact same format as the Declaration of Independence just replacing it with specific rights for women. showed the rights woman should have.
First National Woman's Rights Convention
This convention happened as a result of the Seneca Falls Convention. It took place in Brinley Hall, in Worcester, MA. from October 23-24, 1850 to October 24, 1850. It was run again by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, and some newcomers: Frederick Douglass and Paula Wright Davis. This time, though, the goal was to use their media to show their movement to the rest of the countryThe goal of this convention was to use media in order to let the country know about the women's rights movement.
Hippocampus:
This is a video On the Women's Rights Movement: (hit start topic to get to the movie)
Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Print.
Colman, Penny. Breaking The Chains: The Crusade of Dorthea Lynde Dix. White
Hall, Virginia: Shoe Tree Press, 1992. Print.
Lasser, Carol, and Students. "How Did Oberlin Women Students Draw on Their
College Experience to ." Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000. Alexander Street Press, 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/oberlin/intro.htm.
Nancy Isenberg. "Women's Rights Movements"; http://www.anb.org/cushrights.html; The Oxford Companion to United States History, Paul S. Boyer, ed., New York, 2001.
Access Date: Mon Nov 16 13:56:24 EST 2009
"The Seneca Falls Convention (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress." Library of Congress Home. 27 July 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr040.html>.
Antebellum Women's Rights Reform Movement
Summary:
During the Antebllum period in history, women became very determined to have their voices heard in society. Since women were human just like men, they expected to be treated just as equal as the men were who surrounded them. The women's reform movement of the Antebellum period was trying to increase the rights of women all throughout the country. They wanted the same rights as men, like being able to have a complete education and being able to vote. The main arguments that were addressed by females mostly pertained to their voting rights, eduction, and their role in society as a whole. As any other substantial reform, certain people stood out to have their voices heard for their gender. Some of these women included Many important people helped this movement such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. , and they helped bring about the first actual changes for women, even if small. While the movement wasn't entirely successful, it did set a foundation for the generations of women to come. an example for the women of future generations.Basic Facts:
What: Movement for the reform of Women's RightsWhen: 1820s-1860s (Antebellum era times)
Where: United States
Why: After hundreds of years living the life under superiority of male dominance, women decided to act. This motivation was inspired by previous participations in other movements and realizations through comparisons of slavery.
How: Women publisized the movement to the best of their ability. They held conventions, published essays containing feminist beliefs, etc.
Causes for this movement:
Women were always looked down upon throught history. Women always considered themselves to be more important to the world around them than what society gave them credit for. The strongest civilizations were often patriarchal. Because of this, women were usually second class citizens and were denied, as what we known now to be basic simple rights. When business moved out of the home and into factories, women became expected to tend to the house and to their children. This "Cult of Domesticity" angered many women because it gave them mainly the only right to their own home, something that should be their's to begin with. meant they never could to do anything of their own. Because reform movements in the United States were so widespread, women who were involved with prior reform movements gathered together to fight for a reform of their own: Women’s rights (for example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton who had worked mostly for the Abolitionist movement later started focusing on Women's rights). Many of the women were abolitionists and also unsurprisingly, Quakers. In Quakerism, women were treated with equality to men, which caused resentment and motivation to fight.Goals of the Women's Rights Movement
"In its most comprehensive sense, the rubric 'women's rights' encompasses the conditions of women's entitlement to live to their fullest human potential, as human beings in equality....Women's rights, more than a quest for technical equality, are a struggle for liberation of women....Women's rights include the right of women to live free of battery and abuse in their homes; the right of women to live free from sexual explotation—rape, harrassment, pornography, and prostitution; the right of women not to have to bear children...Women's rights [also] include the right of women to marry or not, to choose their sexual partners, and to enjoy sexual autonomy based on choice, attraction, respect, and equality."The passage above is from an article on Women's Rights in Compton's Encyclopedia written by Professor June Sochen of Northeastern Illinois University. This passage is an excellent example of the feminist philosophy as well as the rights and social acceptance feminists were determined to achieve. Notice how the passage calls for women having the right to live the unmarried life, not bearing children, or having the right to sexual freedom. These philosophies display complete rebellion against the "Cult of Domesticity" that was expected of women during the Antebellum times. This passage also encouraged women to have a voice of their own and speak out for their own body. It was THEIR right to concieve children, it was THEIR right to be married, and it was THEIR right to their sexual freedom.
Original feminist documents are also a good source to look at for feminist ideals and goals. For example, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions is a famous feminist speech document that focuses on women's rights in government and the public. (unlike the encyclopedia article above describing goals in changing social expectations). In the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, women demand equality to men in society intellectually and mentally equality in society, intelects, and mentality. The document also shows evidence in of women's desire for the right to be educated, to be published, and to vote. to vote, education, and publication. Women strongly advocated "immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States.". In other words, they wanted the exact same rights that they watched American men enjoy. Below is a link to the text of The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
Another good place to search for feminist ideas and goals is one of the essays written by women in the many essays written by women during the Antebellum Period. Below is an essay called, "Young Women", written by college student, Frances M. Hazen. As a college senior, Frances M. Hazen published this essay or to the Oberlin Students' Monthly (her college litereray magazine) in 1859. Her essay contains clear and convincing arguments against male supremecey. Below is a link to the essay written by Frances M. Hazen.
"Young Women"
Strategies:
The most popular strategy used during this movement was, to organize local conventions to discuss the problems in this era. At these conventions, women would draw up resolutions, make speeches, and organize petition campaigns. These campaigns were sometimes held only in order to show that women are part of "the people" and are capable of stimulating political action and shaping public opinion. Seneca Falls was the most well known and effective of all the conventions. Here, they drew up their own "constitution" called the Declaration of Sentiments, based off of the United States's Constitution Declaration of Independence. Also, organizations were formed such as the Troy Female Seminary (founded in 1821 by Emma Willard), and the Hartford Female Seminary (founded in 1823 by Catharine Beecher). Still, some Feminists took different approaches advertising the movement. For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the "Woman's Bible" attacking male bias in the Bible and claiming that woman could not truly have rights unless the religion was abolished. Other feminists who participated in the Second Great Awakening and worked for woman's suffrage, had a different perspective than Stanton. Other women were abolitionists and believed in the suffrage of slaves and women. Although feminists each had their unique approach to woman's rights, they were all aiming for the same goals. Woman's rights activists created a critique of woman's position in society.For additional information regarding the strategies of this movement in the antebellum period and other periods check out this site:
To Reference the Elizabeth's Cady Stanton's work, The Women's Bible, click on the link below.
If you would like to read more about the Troy Female Seminary or Emma Willard, then click this link to gain more information.
Antebellum Feminist Organizations:
-National Woman Suffrage Association (worked to make women suffrage an amendement to Federal Constitution)-American Woman Suffrage Association (worked for women suffrage amends for each state constitution)
Successes/Failures:
(Picture above depicts a woman in bloomer)Successes:
Although women did not nationally win their women's rights and or changes in society, they the movement were would be succesful to some extent. In Mississipi, Idaho, Wyoming Territory, Utah Territory, and the states of Colorado, Women would win the right to vote in (Wyoming in 1869, the Utah Territory in 1870, the states of Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896). Also, Massachusetts passed a law allowing women to own property seperate from their husbands in 1839. New York followed soon after, passing the same law in 1848.Women also achieved a role in social status. For example, Elizabeth Blackwell became a famous physician and her sister-in-law, Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first-ordained minister in the United States. Emma Willard and Catharine Beecher advanced in their cause promoting women's education. Lecturer Lucy Stone (another sister-in-law) and abolitionist Angelina Grimke even became the first women to not change their last name after marriage.
Women also managed to change their tastes of fashion to contain elements of male dress. The "bloomer" was an oulfit containing a short skirt with full length pantalettes. Famous actress, Fanny Kemble named these fashion fads after its strong advocator, Amelia Bloomer. This success, however, did not last long because it caused enough controversy for feminists to abandon it to draw attention to more important issues. This success wasn't very significant becuase the controversy over it caused women to abandon the idea and pay closer attention to more important issues.
Failures:
The Women's Rights Movement of the Antebellum era was not entirely successful. Even though there was some success, the majority of the United States was not greatly affected by the movement. One of the main goals of the movement was to create equality between men and women. This was not accompished because men were still the dominant gender in society.Another goal of the Women's Rights Movement was women's suffrage. Some states did give women the right to vote, however, it was not a national law. Little did these women know, there would not be a women's suffrage law until 1920.
Feminists:
Paulina Davis
In 1833, after 5 monsths of courtship, Paulina married Francis Wright. For a time she and her husband became greatly involved in Bethel church until they left due to the church's pro-slavery stance. After that in 1842 they organized meetings and served on board for the Central New York Anti-Slavery Society. From there, Davis branched into the field of Women's Rights. Although her husband didn't like her publicly speaking, she continued to work along side other famous figures as Susan B. Anthony (below) and Elizabeth Cady Station.
In 1845 her husband died. Although this greatly saddened her, it left her with both the money and the freedom to persue her career as a lecturer. She moved to New York City and studied medicine, anatomoy and physiology.
She struggled with publishing for womens rights for several years. Eventually she published The History of the National Women's Rights Movemnent. She died in August 1876.
For more about Paulina Davis:
http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00166.html
Anionette Blackwell
Antionette Blackwell was born in May 20, 1825 in Hentrietta, New York. Her nickname was Nettie. and She is well-known for her work as a reformer, minister, and author. By the time she was nine years old she had already spoken out publicly to proclaim her faith at the Congregational society and had been accepted as a member by the elders. She is most famous for being the first ordained female minister pastor. Blackwell had studied theology and was denied a preacher's licesne because she was a woman. However, she went on to be a pastor despite this denial. She is also well known though, for her books such asStudies in General Science, The Sexes throughout Nature, The Philosophy of Individuality, and The Making of the Universe.
Her speeches and lectures she had written in her years of Oberlin College as well as her speeches at abolitionist or women's rights conventions are often remembered and referenced to. She died in November 1921. Antoinette Blackwell is a perfect example of a feminist who had that worked for the cause women's rights her entire life.
(New Picture)
Antoinette Blackwell (1825-1921)
For more about Antoinette Blackwell:
http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00064.html
Aditional Feminists:
Events:
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was one of the first meetings for women's rights in the US. It was in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20, 1848 to July 20, 1848. It was run by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sunsan B. Anthony, top women's rights acitvists. The convention consisited of three hundred people, sixty being men. Its goal was to discuss women's rights and their progress. They produced the Decleration of Sentiments which followed the exact same format as the Declaration of Independence just replacing it with specific rights for women. showed the rights woman should have.First National Woman's Rights Convention
This convention happened as a result of the Seneca Falls Convention. It took place in Brinley Hall, in Worcester, MA. from October 23-24, 1850 to October 24, 1850. It was run again by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, and some newcomers: Frederick Douglass and Paula Wright Davis. This time, though, the goal was to use their media to show their movement to the rest of the country The goal of this convention was to use media in order to let the country know about the women's rights movement.Hippocampus:
This is a video On the Women's Rights Movement: (hit start topic to get to the movie)http://www.hippocampus.org/homework-help/US-History/American%20Culture%20and%20Reform,%201800%20-%201860_Women%27s%20Right.html
(Two feminists advertising women's rights)
Bibliography
Sochen, June. "Women's Rights." Compton's Encyclopedia by Britannica, Volume 25:W-X-Y-Z. 2005. Print.
Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Print.
Colman, Penny. Breaking The Chains: The Crusade of Dorthea Lynde Dix. White
Hall, Virginia: Shoe Tree Press, 1992. Print.
Lasser, Carol, and Students. "How Did Oberlin Women Students Draw on Their
College Experience to ." Women and Social Movements in the United States,
1600-2000. Alexander Street Press, 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2009.
http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/oberlin/intro.htm.
Nancy Isenberg. "Women's Rights Movements";
http://www.anb.org/cushrights.html;
The Oxford Companion to United States History, Paul S. Boyer, ed., New York, 2001.
Access Date: Mon Nov 16 13:56:24 EST 2009
"Seneca Falls." The Seneca Falls Convention. National Portrait Gallery, Web. 13 Nov 2009. http://www.npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm.
"Women's Rights National Historical Park." More Women's Rights Conventions. 01 Dec. 2006. National Park Service, Web. 13 Nov 2009. http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/more-womens-rights-conventions.htm.
Johnson, Michael. Reading the American Past . 1st ed. 1 vol. 2005. 225-228. Print.
Davis, Kenneth. Don't Know Much About History. 1st ed. 1990. 258-260. Print.
Rogers, Dan. "Paulina K. Davis." N.p., 19 January 2004. Web. 15 Nov 2010. <http://www.comm.unt.edu/histofperf/danrogers/paulina_k>.
DiGrazia, Jodi. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Department of History, n.d. Web. 16 Nov 2010. <http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/386/cgilman.html>.
"Lucy Stone." N.p., 7 january 2002. Web. 16 Nov 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWstone.htm>.
"Antoinette Lousia Brown." Western New York Suffragists. Rochester regional library council, n.d. Web. 16 Nov 2010. <http://www.winningthevote.org/F-ABBlackwell.html>.
"The Seneca Falls Convention (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress." Library of Congress Home. 27 July 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr040.html>.
"SCHOOL: The Story of American Public Education." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/>.
E.T, James. "Emma Hart Willard." Sunshine for Women. Havard University Press, n.d. Web. 19 Nov 2010. <[[http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2001/willard1.html |http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2001/willard1.html]]>.
"Elizabeth Cady Stanton." N.p., 8 August 2002. Web. 19 Nov 2010. <[[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWstanton.htm |http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWstanton.htm]]>.
"Susan B. Anthony House :: Her Story." The Official Susan B. Anthony House :: Home. Web. 19 Nov. 2010. <http://susanbanthonyhouse.org/her-story/biography.php#top>.
"Residence Life: Compassion in Action - Women of Compassion." Compassion in Action - Women of Compassion. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://209.123.189.170/residence_life/action_women.htm.>
==
Grunwald, L, & Adler, S.J. (2005). Women's letters. New York, NY: The Dial Press.==